These Four Visual Elements of Art Form Volume Mass
Volume and mass (density)
Volume = a shape in three dimensions
Shapes are flat. If you accept a shape and give it 3 dimensions, it has volume.
A iii-dimensional form has volume. Volume (3-dimensionality) can exist imitation in a two-dimensional piece of work (similar a painting).
This self portrait by Rembrandt is an example of simulated, or implied volume. The face looks iii-dimensional. In actuality, however, information technology is a two-dmensional (flat) artwork, a print.
Rembrandt Van Rijn Self-portrait in a cap, with eyes wide open, carving and burin, 1630
Signed and dated bottom middle: RHL 1630. A copy is kept in the: Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. Source: Dake, wikipedia. com
This grouping of sculptures past Magdalena Akanowicz take actual book; they are three-dimensional. Because the figures are open up they let a glimpse of what the inside of a sculpture looks like, (including welded together sections of dissever castings). This openess gives a sense of volume. If they were airtight, they would appear to have density, or mass.
Magdalena Akanowicz Nierozpoznani ("The Unrecognised Ones") 2002
Cytadela park, Poznań, Poland (whole installation) photo by Radomil
Imagine a drawing of a glass. The cartoon would be flat (two-dimensional) But it would wait like it was three-dimensional (faux or implied book). Now imagine an actual glass (that is empty). The drinking glass would take volume (information technology would be three-dimensional).
Mass = volume + density
Imagine that glass again, this fourth dimension filled with water. Now the glass has mass, or density.
The density of a material is scientifically divers as its mass per unit of book. For example, a rock has more density than a cotton ball.
Imagine three containers. The offset one is empty (filled with air); it has volume. The 2d container is filled with feathers. Now the container has density, or mass. The third container is filled with sand. The third container has more density than the 2d i.
In art it's easier to call up of density as actual or perceived weight.
These ancient Olmec sculptures iillustrate the concept of density, or mass. They appear to exist (and actually are) very heavy in weight. They are very large and there are several of them (17 accept been unearthed). You tin imagine encountering a group of these colossol heads, and the sense of power they convey.
Monument 6, San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan Olmec civilization 1500 BCE to near 400 BCE
exhibited at the Museo Nacinal de Antropología eastward Historia, Mexico Prototype: Maunus
Monument ane, i of four colossal Olmec heads at La Venta. ix.8 ft (3 meters) tall. circa 900 BCE -400 BCE
La Venta Park, Villahermosa , Mexico Image: Hajor
Unsaid Mass
Mass or volume can exist false in two-dimensional work though the use of:
modeling and shading
color--darker and more intense colors appear heavier
placement--objects closer to the lower edge of the picture aeroplane appear heavier
size--larger objects appear heavier
overlapping objects creates a sense of space
Implied Mass: Valentina Kulagina
This poster from 1930 is a expert case of implied mass. The soldiers of the Russian Army are portrayed every bit huge figures marching from the factories to fight the war. Notice the size, color and placement of the figures. In contrast, the airplanes of the royalists are shown as light, small, and overwhelmed by the figures.
Valentina Kulagina To Defend USSR 1930
Image Source: http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2010/06/thirteen/100-years-of-propaganda-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/
Degrees of Three-Dimensionality
Three-dimensional artwork has varying degrees of dimensionality.
Relief Sculpture
In relief sculpture an epitome is developed outward from a two-dimensional surface.
Low relief. In low relief, the figures be almost on the same airplane every bit the ground, merely they are carved with enough depth to cast shadows. Often times they tell a story.
India, Northern: Gandhara period
Tympanum in shape of a stupa, decorated with relief scenes from the life of the Buddha, 3rd century C.E.
Musee Guimet, Paris AICT/Allan T. Kohl
High relief. In loftier relief, at least one-half of the figures project forward from the surface.
Francois Rude The Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 ("La Marseillaise") 1833-1836
group from correct side, east face, Arc de Triomphe, Paris, France
Frontal sculpture. Three-dimensional piece of work that is meant to be see from just ane side is called frontal sculpture.
David Smith Pittsburgh Landscape 1954, painted steel relief
The Hirshhorn Sculpture Gardens, Washington DC
In the round, or full round sculpture. Total circular sculpture is free-standing and meant to exist seen from all sides.
Auguste Rodin Pierre de Wiessant
(detail of study for effigy from "The Burghers of Calais"), 1884-1886
Des Moines Art Center, Des Moines, Iowa
Walk through piece of work. An even greater caste of three-dimensionality is found in works that involve a space that the viewer must actually move through to fully appreciate it.
Installation art. In installation fine art the artist creates a infinite, in which all objects relate to each other, and the viewer becomes a part of it by moving through information technology. There is no fixed view indicate, and the space oftens provides an almost transcendent experience for the viewer,prepare autonomously from the ordinary world.
Rachel Whiteread Embankment 2005 Turbine Hall, The Tate Modernistic, Bankside, London
14,000 translucent, white polyethylene boxes (casts of the inside of cardboard boxes) Photographer: Fin Fahey
Landscape fine art. In mural art the creative person works with the mural itself. Gardens and other spaces provide an aesthetic feel that the viewer tin can not only walk through, but spend time in contemplation and enjoyment of the space. Sometimes these spaces have a spiritual purpose as well.
Dry Garden in Ryoanji (The Temple of the Dragon at Peace) Kyoto, Japan, tardily 15th century.
Characteristics of Three-Dimensional Art
Three-dimensional art can accept many different forms.
Open and closed forms.
Airtight forms are ofttimes carved from a larger mass in a form that allows for structural soundness. They announced very heavy, solid, and take a sense of permanence.
Block statue of Sennefer ( 'Overseer of sealbearers' in the reign of Thutmose 3)
From western Thebes, Egypt 18th Dynasty, around 1450 BC British Museum
Open up forms have more of a range of dimensionality, with outward projections and inward recesses.
Prometheus Strangling the Vulture Two 1944/1953
bronze 91.75 ten 90 x 57 inches
Walker Art Eye Gift of the T.B. Walker Foundation, 1956
Static and dynamic forms.
Static forms appear to be nonetheless, stable, and unchanging. They give a sense of immovable permanence. The Groovy Pyramid and the Sphinx of Giza is a perfect example. A pyramid is the most stable form that exists.
Francis Frith The Great Pyramid and the Sphinx 1858 Albumen impress 38 .50 ten 49.50 cm
National Galleries of Scotland Eatables Edinburgh, Scotland, Great britain Souvenir of Mrs. Riddell in memory of Peter Fletcher Riddell 1985
source: http://www.nationalgalleries.org/aboutus/article/1:4946/295
Dynamic forms. Dynamic forms are lively, take a sense of movement and change.
India,Chola period Shiva Vinadhara - Dakshinamurti 11th century C.E.
Musee Guimet, Paris
Interior and exterior contours. Contour refers to the surface of a form. Sculpture can have interior as well as exterior contours.
This sculpture has many interior contours every bit well every bit exterior contours.
Bertel Thorvaldsen Ganymede and the Hawkeye 1817-1829
Marble 34 three/four x 18 1/ii x 46 three/viii in. (88.27 10 46.99 x 117.79 cm)
Minneapolis Plant of Arts Souvenir of the Morse Foundation
In this sculpture the interior contours are an intrinsic aspect of the artwork and are as meaning every bit the outside contours. 
Reclining Mother and Kid 1960-1961 bronze
Walker Art Center
Courtesy Walker Art Eye
Exercises
1. Describe a simple object using lines simply no shading. At present, shine a bright low-cal or flashlight on the aforementioned object and experiment with shading. Compare the two results to see the difference in dimensionality.
three. Take a sail of paper and experiment with ways to create objects that appear to exist hevier than others, using dissimilar colors, placement, size etc. to see how you can create implied mass.
4.Accept some modelling dirt and experiment with creating different types of forms: static, dynamic, open, closed, interior and exterior contours.
v. Select a small space in your home or outside your home. Think of unproblematic ways y'all could alter the infinite by calculation something or changing something. What kind of space would you lot like to create? How could you transform the infinite into something different from your ordianry earth? Even a ball of string can change a space. What ideas can you think of?
Source: https://www.sophia.org/tutorials/elements-of-art-volume-mass-and-three-dimensionali
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